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2003-12-16 16:43:26 UTC
http://www.turkishforum.com/mesajpanosu/messages/1/37.html?1014657195
THE STATEMENT MADE TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY 69
AMERICAN ACADEMICIANS ON MAY, 19, 1985.
To The Members Of The U.S. House Of Representatives
The undersigned American academicians who specialize in Turkish, Ottoman
and Middle Eastern Studies are concerned that the current language
embodied in House Joint Resolution 192 is misleading and/or inaccurate in
several respects.
Specifically, while fully supporting the concept of a "National Day of
Remembrance of Man's Inhumanity to Man," we respectfully take exception to
that portion of the text which singles out for special recognition:
". . . the one and one half million people of Armenian ancestry who were
victims of genocide perpetrated in Turkey between 1915 and 1923 . . .."
Our reservations focus on the use of the words "Turkey" and "genocide" and
may be summarized as follows:
From the fourteenth century until 1922, the area currently known as
Turkey, or more correctly, the Republic of Turkey, was part of the
territory encompassing the multinational, multi-religious state known as
the Ottoman Empire. It is wrong to equate the Ottoman Empire with the
Republic of Turkey in the same way that it is wrong to equate the Hapsburg
Empire with the Republic of Austria. The Ottoman Empire, which was brought
to an end in 1922, by the successful conclusion of the Turkish Revolution
which established the present day Republic of Turkey in 1923, incorporated
lands and people which today account for more than twenty-five distinct
countries in Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, only
one of which is the Republic of Turkey. The Republic of Turkey bears no
responsibility for any events which occurred in Ottoman times, yet by
naming 'Turkey' in the Resolution, its authors have implicitly labeled it
as guilty of "genocide" it charges transpired between 1915 and 1923;
As for the charge of "genocide," no signatory of this statement wishes to
minimize the scope of Armenian suffering. We are likewise cognizant that
it cannot be viewed as separate from the suffering experienced by the
Muslim inhabitants of the region. The weight of evidence so far uncovered
points in the direction of serious inter communal warfare (perpetrated by
Muslim and Christian irregular forces), complicated by disease, famine,
suffering and massacres in Anatolia and adjoining areas during the First
World War. Indeed, throughout the years in question, the region was the
scene of more or less continuous warfare, not unlike the tragedy which has
gone on in Lebanon for the past decade. The resulting death toll among
both Muslim and Christian communities of the region was immense. But much
more remains to be discovered before historians will be able to sort out
precisely responsibility between warring and innocent, and to identify the
causes for the events which resulted in the death or removal of large
numbers of the eastern Anatolian population, Christian and Muslim alike.
Statesmen and politicians make history, and scholars write it. For this
process to work scholars must be given access to the written records of
the statesmen and politicians of the past. To date, the relevant archives
in the Soviet Union, Syria, Bulgaria and Turkey all remain, for the most
part, closed to dispassionate historians. Until they become available, the
history of the Ottoman Empire in the period encompassed by H.J. Res. 192
(1915-1923) cannot be adequately known. We believe that the proper
position for the United States Congress to take on this and related issues
is to encourage full and open access to all historical archives and not to
make charges on historical events before they are fully understood. Such
charges as those contained H.J. Res. 192 would inevitably reflect unjustly
upon the people of Turkey and perhaps set back irreparably progress
historians are just now beginning to achieve in understanding these tragic
events.
As the above comments illustrate, the history of the Ottoman-Armenians is
much debated among scholars, many of whom do not agree with the historical
assumptions embodied in the wording of H.J. Res. 192. By passing the
resolution Congress will be attempting to determine by legislation which
side of the historical question is correct. Such a resolution, based on
historically questionable assumptions, can only damage the cause of honest
historical inquiry, and damage the credibility of the American legislative
process.
RIFAAT ABOU-EL-HAJ, Professor of History, California State University at
Long Beach
RODERIC DAVISON, Professor of History, George Washington University
SARAH MOMENT ATIS, Professor of Turkish Language & Literature, University
of Wisconsin at Madison
WALTER DENNY, Professor of Art History Associate & Near Eastern Studies
,University of Massachusetts
KARL BARBIR, Associate Professor of History, Siena College (New York)
DR. ALAN DUBEN, Anthropologist, Researcher, New York City
ILHAN BASGOZ, Director of the Turkish Studies Program at the Department of
Ural-Altaic Studies, Indiana University
ELLEN ERVIN, Research Assistant Professor of Turkish, New York University
DANIEL G. BATES, Professor of Anthropology, Hunter College, City
University of New York
CAESAR FARAH, Professor of Islamic & Middle Eastern History, University of
Minnesota
ULKU BATES, Professor of Art History, Hunter College, City University of
New York
CARTER FINDLEY, Associate Professor of History, The Ohio State University
GUSTAV BAYERLE, Professor of Uralic & Altaic Studies, Indiana University
MICHAEL FINEFROCK, Professor of History, College of Charleston
ANDREAS G. E. BODROGLIGETTI, Professor of Turkic & Iranian languages,
University of California at Los Angeles
ALAN FISHER, Professor of History, Michigan State University
KATHLEEN BURRILL, Associate Professor of Turkish Studies, Columbia
University
CORNELL FLEISCHER, Assistant Professor of History, Washington University
(Missouri)
TIMOTHY CHILDS, Professorial Lecturer at SAIS, Johns Hopkins University
PETER GOLDEN, Professor of History, Rutgers University, Newark
SHAFIGA DAULET, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of
Connecticut
TOM GOODRICH, Professor of History, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
JUSTIN McCARTHY, Associate Professor of History, University of Louisville
ANDREW COULD, Ph.D. in Ottoman History, Flagstaff, Arizona
JON MANDAVILLE, Professor of the History of the Middle East, Portland
State University (Oregon)
MICHAEL MEEKER, Professor of Anthropology, University of California at San
Diego
RHOADS MURPHEY, Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern Languages, Cultures
& History, Columbia University
THOMAS NAFF, Professor of History & Director, Middle East Research
Institute University of Pennsylvania
PIERRE OBERLING, Professor of History, Hunter College of the City
University of New York
WILLIAM OCHSENWALD, Associate Professor of History, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute
ROBERT OLSON, Associate Professor of History, University of Kentucky
WILLIAM PEACHY, Assistant Professor of the Judaic, Near Eastern Languages
& Literatures, The Ohio State University
DONALD QUATAERT, Associate Professor of History, University of Houston
HOWARD REED, Professor of History, University of Connecticut
WILLIAM GRISWOLD, Professor of History, Colorado State University
TIBOR HALASI-KUN, Professor Emeritus of Turkish Studies, Columbia
University
WILLIAM HICKMAN, Associate Professor of Turkish, University of California,
Berkeley
J. C. HUREWITZ, Professor of Government, Emeritus Former Director of the
Middle East Institute (1971-1984), Columbia University
JOHN HYMES, Professor of History, Glenville State College, West Virginia
HALIL INALCIK University Professor of Ottoman History, Member of the
American Academy of Arts & Sciences, University of Chicago
RALPH JAECKEL, Visiting Assistant Professor of Turkish, University of
California at Los Angeles
RONALD JENNINGS, Associate Professor of History & Asian Studies,
University of Illinois
JAMES KELLY, Associate Professor of Turkish, University of Utah
KERIM KEY, Adjunct Professor, Southeastern University, Washington, D.C.
DANKWART RUSTOW, Distinguished University Professor of Political Science,
City University, Graduate School, New York
ELAINE SMITH, Ph.D. in Turkish History, Retired Foreign Service Officer,
Washington, D·C·
STANFORD SHAW, Professor of History, University of California at Los
Angeles
EZEL KURAL SHAW, Associate Professor of History, California State
University, Northridge
METIN KUNT, Professor of Ottoman History, New York City
FREDERICK LATIMER, Associate Professor of History Retired, University of
Utah
AVIGDOR LEVY, Professor of History, Brandeis University
BERNARD LEWIS, Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern History,
Princeton University
DR. HEATH W. LOWRY, Institute of Turkish Studies Inc. , Washington, D.C.
GRACE M. SMITH, Visiting Lecturer in Turkish, University of California at
Berkeley
JOHN MASSON SMITH, JR. , Professor of History, University of California at
Berkeley
DR. SVAT SOUCEK, Turcologist, New York City
ROBERT STAAB, Assistant Director of the Middle East Center, University of
Utah
JUNE STARR, Associate Professor of Anthropology, SUNY Stony Brook
JAMES STEWART-ROBINSON, Professor of Turkish Studies, University of
Michigan
DR. PHILIP STODDARD, Executive Director, Middle East Institute,
Washington, D.C.
FRANK TACHAU, Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois at
Chicago
METIN TAMKOC, Professor of International Law and Regulations, Texas Tech
University
DAVID THOMAS, Associate Professor of History, Rhode Island College
MARGARET L. VENZKE, Assistant Professor of History, Dickinson College
(Pennsylvania)
WARREN S. WALKER, Home Professor of English & Director of the Archive of
Turkish Oral Narrative, Texas Tech University
DONALD WEBSTER, Professor of Turkish History, Retired
WALTER WEIKER, Professor of Political Science, Rutgers University
JOHN WOODS, Associate Professor of Middle Eastern History, University of
Chicago
MADELINE ZILFI, Associate Professor of History, University of Maryland
SIGNATORIES OF THE DECLARATION MADE BY THE TURKISH ACADEMICIANS ON APRIL
23, 2001, ON THE TURKISH ARMENIAN PROBLEM
Mehmet Aça, Dr., College of Sciences and Literature, Balikesir University,
Balikesir, Turkey
Ahmet Hadi Adanali, Assistant Professor, Divinity School, Ankara
University, Ankara, Turkey
Gülsen Akdogan, Ph.D., Department of Instrumentation, Erciyes University,
Kayseri, Turkey
Yavuz Akpinar, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Education and
Educational Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Tunç Aldemir, Professor, Nuclear Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio
Sefik Sanal Alkan, Adjunct Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics and
Microbiology, UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New
Jersey
Novruz Allahverdi, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and
Computer Education, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
Cem Alptekin, Professor and Dean, School of Education, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Hilal Altinöz, M.D., Physician of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care,
SSK Süreyyapasa Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Istanbul,
Turkey
Cezmi Akdis, M.D., Professor, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research, Davos, Switzerland
Mübeccel Akdis, M.D., Ph.D., Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research, Davos, Switzerland
Halil Akkanat, Dr., College of Law, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Sener Akyol, Professor, College of Law, Istanbul University, Istanbul,
Turkey
Mushfiq Aleskerli, Researcher, Literature, Baku State University, Baku,
Azerbaijan
Elmeddin Alibeyzade, Doctor, Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku,
Azerbaijan
Ethem Alpaydin , Associate Professor of Computer Engineering, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Cevdet Emre Alper, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Kadir Murat Altintas, Ph.D. , Vocational School , Çankaya University,
Ankara, Turkey
Musa H. Asyali, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
O. Yavuz Ataman , Professor, Department of Chemistry, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Mehmet Atlar, Dr., Senior Lecturer and Director o Cavitation Tunnel,
Department of Marine Technology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Ali Ayata, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Medical College, S. Demirel
University, Isparta, Turkey
Kemal Aydin, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Selçuk University at
Alaaddin Keykubad, Konya, Turkey
Osman Balci, Professor, Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, Virginia
Nuri Basoglu, Assistant Professor, Department of Management and
Information Systems, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Coskun Bayrak, Associate Professor, Computer Science Department ,
University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas
Sema Bayraktar, Ph.D., Research Scientist, College of Business, Karaelmas
University, Zonguldak, Turkey
Ugur Baysal, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Hikmet Basmak, Associate Professor, Medical College, Osmangazi University,
Eskisehir, Turkey
Sevda Bekman, Prof essor, College of Education, Bogaziçi University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Güzin Binatli Bulak, Dr. , Department of Turkish Language, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Kaya Büyükataman, Dr., Adjunct Lecturer; President, Turkish Forum, East
Hartford, Connecticut
Salih Cengiz, Professor of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Forensic
Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Mehmet Çamurdan, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogaziçi
University, Turkey
Gürbüz Çelebi, Professor, Department of Biophysics, Medical School, Ege
University, Izmir, Turkey
A. Enis Çetin, Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
Fevzi Daldal, Professor, Department of Biology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Yasar Demirel, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Melek Demirhan, Associate Professor, Department of Systems Engineering,
Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
A.Eren Dogan, Research Scientist, Department of Economics, Social Sciences
Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Zekiye Dogan, Instructor, Department of Computer and Instructional
Technologies, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Fatih Dogan, Magister Legum (LL.M-Freiburg) , International Trade Law,
Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet-Freiburg, Germany
M. Kerem Doksat, Professor of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical School,
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Yener S. Erozan, Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Tuba Turan Ertas, Adjunct Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
San Diego State University, San Diego, California
Duygu Erten , Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering , University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Ferhan Esen, Assistant Professor, Department of Biophysics, Medical
College, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Hamza Esen, Professor, Department of Biophysics, Medical College,
Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Ismail Ilkin Esen, Professor of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering
and Petroleum , Kuwait University, Kuwait
Süleyman Gökoglu, Ph.D. , Senior Research Scientist , NASA Glenn Research
Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Nihat Bülent Gültekin, Associate Professor of Finance, Finance Department,
The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Harun Güngör, Professor, College of Theology, Erciyes University, Kayseri,
Turkey
Turgut M. Gür, Ph.D., Technical Director, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced
Materials , Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
Azmi Güran, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Baden, Switzerland
Melike Baykal Gürsoy, Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering,
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
Olgun Güven, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University,
Ankara, Turkey
Ziya B. Güvenç, Associate Professor, Associate Dean, Department of
Computer Engineering, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
Ibrahim H. Güzelbey, Associate Professor and Head of Mechanics Division,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Gaziantep; also
Director of Gaziantep Vocational School of Higher Education, Gaziantep,
Turkey
Azer H. Hasret, Researcher, Turkish Mythology, Academy of Sciences of
Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
Ilhan Helvaci, Assistant Professor, College of Law, Istanbul University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Ayla Imre, Adjunct Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, University of
Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado
Ihsan Inan, M.D., Surgeon, Department of Digestive Surgery, Geneva
University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Ümran S. Inan, Professor of Electrical Engineering; Director, Space,
Telecommunications and Radioscience (STAR) Laboratory, Stanford
University, Stanford, Palo Alto, California
Ayhan Istanbullu, Research Scientist, College of Technical Education,
Dumlupinar University, Simav, Turkey
Ahmet Karagözoglu, Assistant Professor, Department of Finance, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, New York
Beyhan Karahan, Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Design,
New York Institute of Technology, New York City
Bekir Karlik , Associate Professor, International Computing Institute, Ege
University, Izmir, Turkey
Can Ömer Kalayci M.D. , Visiting Scientist, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts
Melih Karakuzu, Assistant Professor, College of Education, Atatürk
University, Erzurum, Turkey
Mustafa Keskin, Professor, Department of Physics, Erciyes University,
Kayseri, Turkey
Serpil Kislalioglu, Professor, College of Pharmacy, The University of
Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
Cihat Küçükhüseyin, Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa
College of Medicine, University of Istanbul,Turkey
Ali R. Köymen, Professor of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, Texas
Oya Levendoglu-Tugal, Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, New York
Medical College, Valhalla, New York
Tülin Mangir, Professor, Computer and Network Engineering and Technology,
California State University, Long Beach, California
O. Nalcioglu, Director, Health Sciences Research Imaging Center; Vice
Chairman of Research, Department of Radiological Sciences; Professor of
Medicine, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Physics,
University of California , Irvine, California
Aysen Gürcan Namlu, Assistant Professor, Computer Education and
Instructional Technologies Department, Anadolu University, Eskisehir,
Turkey
Ömer Faruk Noyan, Assistant Professor of Geology, College of Engineering,
Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
Yildirim Omurtag, Founding Dean, School of Engineering, Mathematics and
Science, Robert Morris College, Moon Township, Pennsylavania
Ercan Öngör, Professor and Head of Retinal Diseases, Çapa Medical College,
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Hayrani Öz, Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Aviation,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Hitay Özbay, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Faruk Özcan, Professor, Department of Urology, Medical School, Istanbul
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Erdal Özkan, Professor, College of Agriculture, Food Sciences and
Environmental Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Erdal Özkan, Associate Professor, Petroleum Engineering Department,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
I. Resat Özkan, Professor Emeritus, Department of Naval and Ocean
Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Ümit Özkan, Professor and Associate Dean, College of Engineering, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio
Talat Özpozan, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes
University, Kayseri, Turkey
Tunç Koray Palazoglu, Ph.D. , Department of Food Science, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Recai Peçen, Assistant Professor and Program Coordinator,
Electro-Mechanical Systems, College of Natural Sciences, The University of
Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa
Dogan Perinçek, Associate Professor, Department of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Manaf Sababi, Ph.D. , Research Scientist, Discovery DMPK , Astrazeneca AB,
Lund, Sweden
Ayse Saktanber, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Hasan Sevim, Associate Dean and Professor, College of Engineering ,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
Sahin A. Sirmali, Professor of Embryology, Medical College, Uludag
University, Bursa, Turkey
Selçuk Somer, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yildiz
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Aydin K. Sunol, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of South Florida Tampa, Florida
Ferat Sahin, Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department,
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
Nurettin Simsek, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Education and
Instructional Technologies, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Sibel Tanberk, Associate Professor, College of Business, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Ercüment Tarcan, M. D., Head of 1st General Surgery Division, Atatürk
Educational and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
Ömer Tarim, Professor and Director of Pediatric Endocrinology, College of
Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
Mehmet Aziz Tayfun, Professor of Coastal and Ocean Engineering, College of
Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Tarik Tihan, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Mehmet Tomanbay, Professor, Department of Economics, Gazi University,
Ankara, Turkey
Cevat Tosun, Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor, School of Health,
Physical Education and Leisure Services, The University of Northern Iowa;
also, Associate Professor and Director of School of Tourism and Hotel
Management, Mustafa Kemal University, Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey.
Murat Tunç, Assistant Professor, Düzce Medical School, Abant Izzet Baysal
University, Bolu, Turkey
Aydin S. Tunçbilek, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Erciyes
University, Kayseri, Turkey
Aslihan Turhan, Postdoctoral Fellow, Hematology, Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York
Emin G. Türker, Dean, Engineering and Technology, Lakeland Community
College, Kirtland, Ohio
Fuat Ulus, M.D., Former Field Associate Professor, Medical School,
Department of Psychiatry (1978-83), University of South Dakota
Ömer Usta, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Cem Ünsal, Project Scientist, Institute for Complex Engineered Systems,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Bahri Üstünsöz, Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Health
Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
Hüseyin Vural, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Yavuz Yaman, Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara
Tuncel M. Yegülalp, Professor of Mining, Henry Krumb School of Mines,
Columbia University, New York
Müfit Cemal Yenen, Assistant Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics, GATA
School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Visiting Professor, Hopital Edouard
Herriot , Departement de Gynecologie, Lyon, France
Metin Yersel , Professor of Physics, Department of Natural Sciences,
Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, Vermont
Hasan Yetim, Associate Professor, Department of Food Sciences and
Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
Okan Yilankaya, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The
University of British Columbia, Canada
Bayram Yilmaz, Research Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental
Health and Toxicology, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer,
New York
Ugur Yücelt, Associate Professor, Department of Marketing, School of
Business Administration, Penn State-Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania
Emrehan Zeybekoglu, Assistant Professor, The School of Foreign Languages,
Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
THE STATEMENT MADE TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY 69
AMERICAN ACADEMICIANS ON MAY, 19, 1985.
To The Members Of The U.S. House Of Representatives
The undersigned American academicians who specialize in Turkish, Ottoman
and Middle Eastern Studies are concerned that the current language
embodied in House Joint Resolution 192 is misleading and/or inaccurate in
several respects.
Specifically, while fully supporting the concept of a "National Day of
Remembrance of Man's Inhumanity to Man," we respectfully take exception to
that portion of the text which singles out for special recognition:
". . . the one and one half million people of Armenian ancestry who were
victims of genocide perpetrated in Turkey between 1915 and 1923 . . .."
Our reservations focus on the use of the words "Turkey" and "genocide" and
may be summarized as follows:
From the fourteenth century until 1922, the area currently known as
Turkey, or more correctly, the Republic of Turkey, was part of the
territory encompassing the multinational, multi-religious state known as
the Ottoman Empire. It is wrong to equate the Ottoman Empire with the
Republic of Turkey in the same way that it is wrong to equate the Hapsburg
Empire with the Republic of Austria. The Ottoman Empire, which was brought
to an end in 1922, by the successful conclusion of the Turkish Revolution
which established the present day Republic of Turkey in 1923, incorporated
lands and people which today account for more than twenty-five distinct
countries in Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, only
one of which is the Republic of Turkey. The Republic of Turkey bears no
responsibility for any events which occurred in Ottoman times, yet by
naming 'Turkey' in the Resolution, its authors have implicitly labeled it
as guilty of "genocide" it charges transpired between 1915 and 1923;
As for the charge of "genocide," no signatory of this statement wishes to
minimize the scope of Armenian suffering. We are likewise cognizant that
it cannot be viewed as separate from the suffering experienced by the
Muslim inhabitants of the region. The weight of evidence so far uncovered
points in the direction of serious inter communal warfare (perpetrated by
Muslim and Christian irregular forces), complicated by disease, famine,
suffering and massacres in Anatolia and adjoining areas during the First
World War. Indeed, throughout the years in question, the region was the
scene of more or less continuous warfare, not unlike the tragedy which has
gone on in Lebanon for the past decade. The resulting death toll among
both Muslim and Christian communities of the region was immense. But much
more remains to be discovered before historians will be able to sort out
precisely responsibility between warring and innocent, and to identify the
causes for the events which resulted in the death or removal of large
numbers of the eastern Anatolian population, Christian and Muslim alike.
Statesmen and politicians make history, and scholars write it. For this
process to work scholars must be given access to the written records of
the statesmen and politicians of the past. To date, the relevant archives
in the Soviet Union, Syria, Bulgaria and Turkey all remain, for the most
part, closed to dispassionate historians. Until they become available, the
history of the Ottoman Empire in the period encompassed by H.J. Res. 192
(1915-1923) cannot be adequately known. We believe that the proper
position for the United States Congress to take on this and related issues
is to encourage full and open access to all historical archives and not to
make charges on historical events before they are fully understood. Such
charges as those contained H.J. Res. 192 would inevitably reflect unjustly
upon the people of Turkey and perhaps set back irreparably progress
historians are just now beginning to achieve in understanding these tragic
events.
As the above comments illustrate, the history of the Ottoman-Armenians is
much debated among scholars, many of whom do not agree with the historical
assumptions embodied in the wording of H.J. Res. 192. By passing the
resolution Congress will be attempting to determine by legislation which
side of the historical question is correct. Such a resolution, based on
historically questionable assumptions, can only damage the cause of honest
historical inquiry, and damage the credibility of the American legislative
process.
RIFAAT ABOU-EL-HAJ, Professor of History, California State University at
Long Beach
RODERIC DAVISON, Professor of History, George Washington University
SARAH MOMENT ATIS, Professor of Turkish Language & Literature, University
of Wisconsin at Madison
WALTER DENNY, Professor of Art History Associate & Near Eastern Studies
,University of Massachusetts
KARL BARBIR, Associate Professor of History, Siena College (New York)
DR. ALAN DUBEN, Anthropologist, Researcher, New York City
ILHAN BASGOZ, Director of the Turkish Studies Program at the Department of
Ural-Altaic Studies, Indiana University
ELLEN ERVIN, Research Assistant Professor of Turkish, New York University
DANIEL G. BATES, Professor of Anthropology, Hunter College, City
University of New York
CAESAR FARAH, Professor of Islamic & Middle Eastern History, University of
Minnesota
ULKU BATES, Professor of Art History, Hunter College, City University of
New York
CARTER FINDLEY, Associate Professor of History, The Ohio State University
GUSTAV BAYERLE, Professor of Uralic & Altaic Studies, Indiana University
MICHAEL FINEFROCK, Professor of History, College of Charleston
ANDREAS G. E. BODROGLIGETTI, Professor of Turkic & Iranian languages,
University of California at Los Angeles
ALAN FISHER, Professor of History, Michigan State University
KATHLEEN BURRILL, Associate Professor of Turkish Studies, Columbia
University
CORNELL FLEISCHER, Assistant Professor of History, Washington University
(Missouri)
TIMOTHY CHILDS, Professorial Lecturer at SAIS, Johns Hopkins University
PETER GOLDEN, Professor of History, Rutgers University, Newark
SHAFIGA DAULET, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of
Connecticut
TOM GOODRICH, Professor of History, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
JUSTIN McCARTHY, Associate Professor of History, University of Louisville
ANDREW COULD, Ph.D. in Ottoman History, Flagstaff, Arizona
JON MANDAVILLE, Professor of the History of the Middle East, Portland
State University (Oregon)
MICHAEL MEEKER, Professor of Anthropology, University of California at San
Diego
RHOADS MURPHEY, Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern Languages, Cultures
& History, Columbia University
THOMAS NAFF, Professor of History & Director, Middle East Research
Institute University of Pennsylvania
PIERRE OBERLING, Professor of History, Hunter College of the City
University of New York
WILLIAM OCHSENWALD, Associate Professor of History, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute
ROBERT OLSON, Associate Professor of History, University of Kentucky
WILLIAM PEACHY, Assistant Professor of the Judaic, Near Eastern Languages
& Literatures, The Ohio State University
DONALD QUATAERT, Associate Professor of History, University of Houston
HOWARD REED, Professor of History, University of Connecticut
WILLIAM GRISWOLD, Professor of History, Colorado State University
TIBOR HALASI-KUN, Professor Emeritus of Turkish Studies, Columbia
University
WILLIAM HICKMAN, Associate Professor of Turkish, University of California,
Berkeley
J. C. HUREWITZ, Professor of Government, Emeritus Former Director of the
Middle East Institute (1971-1984), Columbia University
JOHN HYMES, Professor of History, Glenville State College, West Virginia
HALIL INALCIK University Professor of Ottoman History, Member of the
American Academy of Arts & Sciences, University of Chicago
RALPH JAECKEL, Visiting Assistant Professor of Turkish, University of
California at Los Angeles
RONALD JENNINGS, Associate Professor of History & Asian Studies,
University of Illinois
JAMES KELLY, Associate Professor of Turkish, University of Utah
KERIM KEY, Adjunct Professor, Southeastern University, Washington, D.C.
DANKWART RUSTOW, Distinguished University Professor of Political Science,
City University, Graduate School, New York
ELAINE SMITH, Ph.D. in Turkish History, Retired Foreign Service Officer,
Washington, D·C·
STANFORD SHAW, Professor of History, University of California at Los
Angeles
EZEL KURAL SHAW, Associate Professor of History, California State
University, Northridge
METIN KUNT, Professor of Ottoman History, New York City
FREDERICK LATIMER, Associate Professor of History Retired, University of
Utah
AVIGDOR LEVY, Professor of History, Brandeis University
BERNARD LEWIS, Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern History,
Princeton University
DR. HEATH W. LOWRY, Institute of Turkish Studies Inc. , Washington, D.C.
GRACE M. SMITH, Visiting Lecturer in Turkish, University of California at
Berkeley
JOHN MASSON SMITH, JR. , Professor of History, University of California at
Berkeley
DR. SVAT SOUCEK, Turcologist, New York City
ROBERT STAAB, Assistant Director of the Middle East Center, University of
Utah
JUNE STARR, Associate Professor of Anthropology, SUNY Stony Brook
JAMES STEWART-ROBINSON, Professor of Turkish Studies, University of
Michigan
DR. PHILIP STODDARD, Executive Director, Middle East Institute,
Washington, D.C.
FRANK TACHAU, Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois at
Chicago
METIN TAMKOC, Professor of International Law and Regulations, Texas Tech
University
DAVID THOMAS, Associate Professor of History, Rhode Island College
MARGARET L. VENZKE, Assistant Professor of History, Dickinson College
(Pennsylvania)
WARREN S. WALKER, Home Professor of English & Director of the Archive of
Turkish Oral Narrative, Texas Tech University
DONALD WEBSTER, Professor of Turkish History, Retired
WALTER WEIKER, Professor of Political Science, Rutgers University
JOHN WOODS, Associate Professor of Middle Eastern History, University of
Chicago
MADELINE ZILFI, Associate Professor of History, University of Maryland
SIGNATORIES OF THE DECLARATION MADE BY THE TURKISH ACADEMICIANS ON APRIL
23, 2001, ON THE TURKISH ARMENIAN PROBLEM
Mehmet Aça, Dr., College of Sciences and Literature, Balikesir University,
Balikesir, Turkey
Ahmet Hadi Adanali, Assistant Professor, Divinity School, Ankara
University, Ankara, Turkey
Gülsen Akdogan, Ph.D., Department of Instrumentation, Erciyes University,
Kayseri, Turkey
Yavuz Akpinar, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Education and
Educational Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Tunç Aldemir, Professor, Nuclear Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio
Sefik Sanal Alkan, Adjunct Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics and
Microbiology, UMDNJ, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New
Jersey
Novruz Allahverdi, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and
Computer Education, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
Cem Alptekin, Professor and Dean, School of Education, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Hilal Altinöz, M.D., Physician of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care,
SSK Süreyyapasa Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Istanbul,
Turkey
Cezmi Akdis, M.D., Professor, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research, Davos, Switzerland
Mübeccel Akdis, M.D., Ph.D., Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research, Davos, Switzerland
Halil Akkanat, Dr., College of Law, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Sener Akyol, Professor, College of Law, Istanbul University, Istanbul,
Turkey
Mushfiq Aleskerli, Researcher, Literature, Baku State University, Baku,
Azerbaijan
Elmeddin Alibeyzade, Doctor, Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku,
Azerbaijan
Ethem Alpaydin , Associate Professor of Computer Engineering, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Cevdet Emre Alper, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Kadir Murat Altintas, Ph.D. , Vocational School , Çankaya University,
Ankara, Turkey
Musa H. Asyali, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
O. Yavuz Ataman , Professor, Department of Chemistry, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Mehmet Atlar, Dr., Senior Lecturer and Director o Cavitation Tunnel,
Department of Marine Technology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom
Ali Ayata, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Medical College, S. Demirel
University, Isparta, Turkey
Kemal Aydin, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Selçuk University at
Alaaddin Keykubad, Konya, Turkey
Osman Balci, Professor, Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, Virginia
Nuri Basoglu, Assistant Professor, Department of Management and
Information Systems, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Coskun Bayrak, Associate Professor, Computer Science Department ,
University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas
Sema Bayraktar, Ph.D., Research Scientist, College of Business, Karaelmas
University, Zonguldak, Turkey
Ugur Baysal, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Hikmet Basmak, Associate Professor, Medical College, Osmangazi University,
Eskisehir, Turkey
Sevda Bekman, Prof essor, College of Education, Bogaziçi University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Güzin Binatli Bulak, Dr. , Department of Turkish Language, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Kaya Büyükataman, Dr., Adjunct Lecturer; President, Turkish Forum, East
Hartford, Connecticut
Salih Cengiz, Professor of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Forensic
Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Mehmet Çamurdan, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogaziçi
University, Turkey
Gürbüz Çelebi, Professor, Department of Biophysics, Medical School, Ege
University, Izmir, Turkey
A. Enis Çetin, Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
Fevzi Daldal, Professor, Department of Biology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Yasar Demirel, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Melek Demirhan, Associate Professor, Department of Systems Engineering,
Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
A.Eren Dogan, Research Scientist, Department of Economics, Social Sciences
Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Zekiye Dogan, Instructor, Department of Computer and Instructional
Technologies, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Fatih Dogan, Magister Legum (LL.M-Freiburg) , International Trade Law,
Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet-Freiburg, Germany
M. Kerem Doksat, Professor of Psychiatry, Cerrahpasa Medical School,
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Yener S. Erozan, Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Tuba Turan Ertas, Adjunct Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
San Diego State University, San Diego, California
Duygu Erten , Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering , University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Ferhan Esen, Assistant Professor, Department of Biophysics, Medical
College, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Hamza Esen, Professor, Department of Biophysics, Medical College,
Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Ismail Ilkin Esen, Professor of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering
and Petroleum , Kuwait University, Kuwait
Süleyman Gökoglu, Ph.D. , Senior Research Scientist , NASA Glenn Research
Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Nihat Bülent Gültekin, Associate Professor of Finance, Finance Department,
The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Harun Güngör, Professor, College of Theology, Erciyes University, Kayseri,
Turkey
Turgut M. Gür, Ph.D., Technical Director, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced
Materials , Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
Azmi Güran, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Baden, Switzerland
Melike Baykal Gürsoy, Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering,
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
Olgun Güven, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University,
Ankara, Turkey
Ziya B. Güvenç, Associate Professor, Associate Dean, Department of
Computer Engineering, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
Ibrahim H. Güzelbey, Associate Professor and Head of Mechanics Division,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Gaziantep; also
Director of Gaziantep Vocational School of Higher Education, Gaziantep,
Turkey
Azer H. Hasret, Researcher, Turkish Mythology, Academy of Sciences of
Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
Ilhan Helvaci, Assistant Professor, College of Law, Istanbul University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Ayla Imre, Adjunct Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, University of
Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado
Ihsan Inan, M.D., Surgeon, Department of Digestive Surgery, Geneva
University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Ümran S. Inan, Professor of Electrical Engineering; Director, Space,
Telecommunications and Radioscience (STAR) Laboratory, Stanford
University, Stanford, Palo Alto, California
Ayhan Istanbullu, Research Scientist, College of Technical Education,
Dumlupinar University, Simav, Turkey
Ahmet Karagözoglu, Assistant Professor, Department of Finance, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, New York
Beyhan Karahan, Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Design,
New York Institute of Technology, New York City
Bekir Karlik , Associate Professor, International Computing Institute, Ege
University, Izmir, Turkey
Can Ömer Kalayci M.D. , Visiting Scientist, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts
Melih Karakuzu, Assistant Professor, College of Education, Atatürk
University, Erzurum, Turkey
Mustafa Keskin, Professor, Department of Physics, Erciyes University,
Kayseri, Turkey
Serpil Kislalioglu, Professor, College of Pharmacy, The University of
Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
Cihat Küçükhüseyin, Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa
College of Medicine, University of Istanbul,Turkey
Ali R. Köymen, Professor of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, Texas
Oya Levendoglu-Tugal, Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, New York
Medical College, Valhalla, New York
Tülin Mangir, Professor, Computer and Network Engineering and Technology,
California State University, Long Beach, California
O. Nalcioglu, Director, Health Sciences Research Imaging Center; Vice
Chairman of Research, Department of Radiological Sciences; Professor of
Medicine, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Physics,
University of California , Irvine, California
Aysen Gürcan Namlu, Assistant Professor, Computer Education and
Instructional Technologies Department, Anadolu University, Eskisehir,
Turkey
Ömer Faruk Noyan, Assistant Professor of Geology, College of Engineering,
Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
Yildirim Omurtag, Founding Dean, School of Engineering, Mathematics and
Science, Robert Morris College, Moon Township, Pennsylavania
Ercan Öngör, Professor and Head of Retinal Diseases, Çapa Medical College,
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Hayrani Öz, Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Aviation,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Hitay Özbay, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Faruk Özcan, Professor, Department of Urology, Medical School, Istanbul
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Erdal Özkan, Professor, College of Agriculture, Food Sciences and
Environmental Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Erdal Özkan, Associate Professor, Petroleum Engineering Department,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
I. Resat Özkan, Professor Emeritus, Department of Naval and Ocean
Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Ümit Özkan, Professor and Associate Dean, College of Engineering, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio
Talat Özpozan, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes
University, Kayseri, Turkey
Tunç Koray Palazoglu, Ph.D. , Department of Food Science, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Recai Peçen, Assistant Professor and Program Coordinator,
Electro-Mechanical Systems, College of Natural Sciences, The University of
Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa
Dogan Perinçek, Associate Professor, Department of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Manaf Sababi, Ph.D. , Research Scientist, Discovery DMPK , Astrazeneca AB,
Lund, Sweden
Ayse Saktanber, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Hasan Sevim, Associate Dean and Professor, College of Engineering ,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
Sahin A. Sirmali, Professor of Embryology, Medical College, Uludag
University, Bursa, Turkey
Selçuk Somer, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yildiz
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Aydin K. Sunol, Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University
of South Florida Tampa, Florida
Ferat Sahin, Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department,
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
Nurettin Simsek, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Education and
Instructional Technologies, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Sibel Tanberk, Associate Professor, College of Business, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Ercüment Tarcan, M. D., Head of 1st General Surgery Division, Atatürk
Educational and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
Ömer Tarim, Professor and Director of Pediatric Endocrinology, College of
Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
Mehmet Aziz Tayfun, Professor of Coastal and Ocean Engineering, College of
Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Tarik Tihan, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Mehmet Tomanbay, Professor, Department of Economics, Gazi University,
Ankara, Turkey
Cevat Tosun, Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor, School of Health,
Physical Education and Leisure Services, The University of Northern Iowa;
also, Associate Professor and Director of School of Tourism and Hotel
Management, Mustafa Kemal University, Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey.
Murat Tunç, Assistant Professor, Düzce Medical School, Abant Izzet Baysal
University, Bolu, Turkey
Aydin S. Tunçbilek, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Erciyes
University, Kayseri, Turkey
Aslihan Turhan, Postdoctoral Fellow, Hematology, Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York
Emin G. Türker, Dean, Engineering and Technology, Lakeland Community
College, Kirtland, Ohio
Fuat Ulus, M.D., Former Field Associate Professor, Medical School,
Department of Psychiatry (1978-83), University of South Dakota
Ömer Usta, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Cem Ünsal, Project Scientist, Institute for Complex Engineered Systems,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Bahri Üstünsöz, Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Health
Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
Hüseyin Vural, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Yavuz Yaman, Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara
Tuncel M. Yegülalp, Professor of Mining, Henry Krumb School of Mines,
Columbia University, New York
Müfit Cemal Yenen, Assistant Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics, GATA
School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Visiting Professor, Hopital Edouard
Herriot , Departement de Gynecologie, Lyon, France
Metin Yersel , Professor of Physics, Department of Natural Sciences,
Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, Vermont
Hasan Yetim, Associate Professor, Department of Food Sciences and
Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
Okan Yilankaya, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The
University of British Columbia, Canada
Bayram Yilmaz, Research Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental
Health and Toxicology, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer,
New York
Ugur Yücelt, Associate Professor, Department of Marketing, School of
Business Administration, Penn State-Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania
Emrehan Zeybekoglu, Assistant Professor, The School of Foreign Languages,
Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey